many of which are appropriate for all public audiences: Sleepiness is a serious risk for young male drivers. encourage them to drive long after impairment, and inhibit their taking effective
External factors, some beyond the individual's control, include work hours, job and
occupant (McCartt et al., 1996). Drowsy Driving and Automobile Crashes (part 1: Introduction) A typical crash related to sleepiness __________ A. is not serious. night shift or overtime prior to the incident. Director
The panel noted that the wake-up effects from remedial approaches to existing
How does a crash relate to sleepiness? at the wheel without crashing, for example, while stopped at a traffic light. Caffeine also is available
awake (kerstedt, Ficca, 1997). masking their level of sleepiness. State, and nongovernmental agencies. could suggest that teens call a friend or a parent for a ride or let a friend drive home
The return to day work and morning shifts starting
or sleep deprived. driving during this period for all drivers and especially for younger ones. sleep-deprived. there have been about 56,000 crashes annually in which driver drowsiness/fatigue was cited
strict comparison. Some of the crash-related factors have been studied more than others. critical to safe driving (Dinges, Kribbs, 1991). Sleepiness causes auto crashes because it impairs performance and can ultimately lead to the inability to resist falling asleep at the wheel. shift, including evening, night, rotating, split, and irregular shifts (Kessler, 1992). over-representation in crash statistics and because many of their lifestyle risks are
Contemporary society functions 24 hours a day. The panel also identified complementary messages for the campaigns and
however, the panel suggests that campaign designers consider the following message points,
evidence of overlap. standard Multiple Sleep Latency Test procedures. longer (Maycock, 1996). respondents to the New York State survey who reported drowsy-driving incidents cited a
Interaction Between Alcohol and
People with narcolepsy are as likely to be
mechanical defect, speeding, excess alcohol, bad . female as male, and the disorder usually begins in adolescence. The resulting report outlines the following: In addition to summarizing what is known-and what remains unknown-from sleep and
Promote shoulder rumble strips as an effective countermeasure for drowsy driving; in
The panel recognized that the risk-taking behaviors of younger men will be a challenge
Sleepiness, Kingman P.
Survey, 1997). Messages to the general public can explain the following: What rumble strips are and why they are increasingly being used. people who perform shift work-and are thus exposed to crash risk-is increasing. caffeine equivalent to two cups of coffee may help improve alertness for a short period. of the population with symptomatic sleep apnea (Strohl, Redline, 1996). The MSLT and MWT were developed for neuro- physiologic assessment and are sensitive to
as alerting devices, but they will not protect drivers who continue to drive while drowsy. Both external and internal factors can lead to a restriction in the time available for
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the National Institutes of Health. type, and severity. Acute sleepiness is defined
Knipling and Wang (1995) found that drivers
A typical crash related to sleepiness __________ A. is not serious. B those instructions. of alcohol, and the combination adversely affecting psychomotor skills to an extent
A typical crash related to sleepiness ________. - Study With Us! differences have been found (Harma, 1993). effective alerting device may prevent one crash, a driver who falls asleep once is likely
The report presents the results of a literature review and opinions of the Expert
apnea syndrome (SAS) and narcolepsy, and the increased drowsiness and performance
example, the National Transportation Safety Board (1995) concluded that the critical
As noted in section II, unlike the situation with alcohol-related crashes, no blood,
restriction and sleepiness may also combine this lifestyle pattern with situational acute
between 4 a.m. and 7 a.m. also may lead to sleepiness. such as night workers, air crews, and travelers who cross several time zones, can
a fairly clear picture emerges from studies conducted to date of the typical crash related
To assist the educational campaign in developing its educational
Narcolepsy is a
About 25 percent reported
Short-term work demands, child care,
panel found no studies evaluating other driver-reported steps such as talking to another
The panel concluded that the data on fatigue and inattention provide less support for
interfering with circadian sleep patterns. Although an
sleepiness to driving performance in people with medical disorders. or sleepiness, the patterns became more pronounced. p.m. before a 4 a.m. shift) is 2 to 4 hours shorter than night sleep (kerstedt, 1995a). currently used, can emphasize what rumble strips are, their relative cost-effectiveness,
amenable to change. The detection and management of illnesses
age; young subjects (n = 8) were 19 to 23 years of age (Carskadon and Dement, 1987). suggest that they tell teenagers to call for a ride at any hour without recriminations if
The driver is alone in . The behavioral steps discussed earlier for younger males also seem reasonable for
It is widely recognized that these statistics under report the extent of these types of crashes. However, with increasing age, the daily peak of SRVAs seems to shift to later in the day, and among those drivers aged 50-69 it is in the early afternoon.21 driving performance. In the longer term, planning ahead can help people avoid driving while drowsy. The typical crash related to sleepiness has the following characteristics: The problem occurs during late night, early morning or midafternoon. Table of Contents - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for sleepiness permits the subjects to rate their
At least one motor vehicle crash during the year prior to follow-up evaluation was reported by 6.9% of the 3201 participants. factors in predicting crashes related to sleepiness (which this report called
before bedtime) (Richardson et al., 1982; see figure 1). need information on the risks of drowsy driving and crashes to put the need for rumble
alert as an indication of impairment-a signal to stop driving and get adequate sleep
or other measurable test is currently available to quantify levels of sleepiness at the
targeted only the younger group to enable specific tailoring of educational messages to
drift (Dinges, 1995). Shift workers, many of whom are already chronically sleep deprived, are at extra
Another strategy is to avoid driving home from work while sleepy (e.g.,
passenger, talking on a cellular phone or CB radio, chewing gum or ice, or snacking. Special Assistant to Executive Deputy Commissioner
In the New York State survey, nearly one-half the drowsy drivers who crashed (and
Ph.D.
and mortality associated with drowsy-driving crashes are high, perhaps because of the
messages to affect attitudes, so that young men and their parents believe the risk is
Recreational drug use also may exacerbate sleepiness
sleepiness. The strips are not a technological quick fix for sleepy drivers. performance based and in vehicle, linked to alerting devices designed to prevent the
These include sleep loss,
However, other medical disorders causing disturbed sleep and
Two other proven interventions avoid known problem
crash. significantly improves alertness in sleepy people (but only marginally in those already
assumptions influenced the determination of crash characteristics. In another alcohol strategy variation, parents might allow
Develop good sleeping habits, such as sticking to a sleep schedule. A typical crash related to sleepiness __________ A.) In all these attempts to measure subjective sleepiness, a person's response is
Younger males
Director National Center on Sleep Disorders Research
Performance Slows With Sleep
is not okay to drive when you are sleepy. Promote shoulder rumble strips as an effective countermeasure for drowsy
influence on reducing the need for sleep. individuals' sleepiness by their tendency to fall asleep "in your usual way of life
in recent times" in situations like sitting and reading, watching TV, and sitting in
A typical crash related to sleepiness - Weegy These data from Roehrs et al. D. all of the above Weegy: A typical crash related to sleepiness involves multiple vehicles on the roadway. According to a 1996 report, time
This latest study also found that fatigue contributed to crashes at much higher rates than was previously believed and is a contributing factor in 12% of all crashes and in 10% of all near-crashes. near-miss accident while driving home from night work (Novak, Auvil-Novak, 1996). Driving simulation tests specifically show
Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing Center for Narcolepsy Research
disorders report no auto crashes (Findley et al., 1988; Aldrich, 1989). literature upon which the major concepts or opinions of the panel report are based. midnight and 6 a.m. (Mitler et al., 1988; kerstedt, 1995c), especially well into the
The subgroup at
illustrate the different subjective and objective measures of chronic and situational
vehicle drivers (Federal Register, 1996). times. drowsy driving. Driving between midnight and 6 a.m. and driving home immediately after an
In addition, studies should determine whether early recognition, treatment, and
Wilkins and colleagues (1997) confirmed that crashes attributed to driver fatigue have
No current data link other sleep disorders with
crash risk. fall-asleep crashes. were more likely to report having sometimes or very often driven drowsy (McCartt et al.,
Untreated sleep apnea syndrome and narcolepsy increase the risk of automobile crashes
According to the National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research, a typical crash has the following characteristics: It is likely to be serious. typical patients tend to be overweight and middle aged or older, with a large collar size
In the 1996 appropriations bill for the U.S. Department of Transportation, the Senate
Want this question answered? However, because SAS is more common than narcolepsy, the absolute number of crashes is
drowsy-driving crashes. to have more time to work, study, socialize, or engage in other activities. Two remedial actions can
even one night of sleep may cause extreme sleepiness. North Carolina, more of these crashes resulted in injury compared with other,
Laboratory studies using a driver simulator or other fundamental tests that relate the
sufficient sleep-as a public health benefit as well as a means to reduce the risk of
The younger
Untreated or unrecognized sleep disorders, especially sleep
experience sleep loss and sleep disruption that reduce alertness (kerstedt, 1995b; Samel
wakefulness. at high risk are young people, shift workers, and people with untreated sleep conditions. uninterrupted sleep, which may help reduce sleepiness on the job and behind the wheel. for crashes. Study guides. 1994). driving; in this context, raise public and policymaker awareness about drowsy-driving
of roads has not been studied. NHTSA figures show that most drowsiness- or fatigue-related crashes occur on higher speed
drowsiness peaking from late evening until dawn (Wylie et al., 1996). effectiveness of rumble strips has been demonstrated only in drive-off-the-highway
one-third of drivers had needed or wanted to stop in the past year, but a rest area was
selected for citation reflect the higher levels of evidence available on the topic and
sometimes or very often than were those who said their sleep was good or excellent
colleagues' study (1995), 20 was the peak age of occurrence of drowsy-driving crashes,
That is its most common side affect. Potential sponsors may
Messages to policymakers could promote the value of graduated driver licensing that
colleagues (1989) found that patients with severe untreated sleep apnea had more frequent
Regularly losing 1 to 2 hours of sleep a
identified a number of chronic predisposing factors and acute situational factors that
Homeostasis relates to the neurobiological need to sleep; the longer the period of
night can create a "sleep debt" and lead to chronic sleepiness over time. for longer times without taking a break. and driving is no exception (kerstedt, 1995a, 1995b; Dinges, 1995; Horne, 1988;
sleep loss, aggravating their risk of drowsy driving. The driver does not attempt to avoid a crash. is important to give regular priority to getting good sleep by creating a quiet, cool,
Weegy: There were more than 12,000 people injured in alcohol-related crashes in Florida. Expert answered| Mr.BreadMan |Points 167| Log in for more information. higher for those with untreated SAS (Aldrich, 1989). Panel members noted the possibility that more crashes occur on
As discussed in section II, the loss of
You can take effective steps if you become sleepy while driving. A measuring system would be
fragmentation cause inadequate sleep and can negatively affect functioning (Dinges, 1995). vehicles are going off the road. Consuming
The panel encourages such groups to use this report and resulting
In the
excessive daytime sleepiness could pose risks. Methods and Knowledge Base of This Report, Untreated Sleep Disorders: Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Narcolepsy, Consumption of Alcohol Interacts With Sleepiness To Increase Drowsiness and Impairment, Interactions Among Factors Increase Overall Risk, People With Untreated Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Narcolepsy, Medical Interventions To Treat Narcolepsy and Sleep Apnea Syndrome, Educate Young Males About Drowsy Driving and How To Reduce Lifestyle-Related Risks, Promote Shoulder Rumble Strips as an Effective Countermeasure for Drowsy Driving; in
It also will be important for
distance in millimeters from one end of the scale to the mark placed on the line. C. occurs on a high-speed road. The "all nighter" represents an acute risk because extreme tiredness
The driver is alone in the vehicle. circadian effects. Although many shift workers are not in a position to change or affect their
older group are more likely to be working or in college, living on their own and less
for more information on sleep apnea syndrome and narcolepsy.). The crash occurs on a high-speed road C.) The driver will be alone in the vehicle D.) All the above Get the Correct ANSWER All the above Sleep fragmentation. controlled-access, rural roads reduce drive-off-the-road crashes by 30 to 50 percent. of hospital nurses reached similar conclusions based on "real world"
Anchors for
driving. to stop driving and sleep for an extended period. complements Federal Highway Administration efforts to address the problem among commercial
Experimental evidence shows that sleeping less than 4 consolidated hours per night impairs
influenced by the light/dark cycle, which in humans most often means wakefulness during
sleepiness and sleep disorders (National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research, 1993). whereas in New York State the greatest number of drowsy drivers (on self-report) were
prevention of fall-asleep crashes. National Institutes of Health, Roger Kurrus
A number of studies indicate that using certain medications increases the risk of
New York State GTSC Sleep Task Force, 1994; New York State Task Force on Drowsy Driving,
Panel on Driver Fatigue and Sleepiness regarding key issues involved in the problem.