(2009). Grids representing losses related to processing, packaging, and transport as well as consumer food waste (Gustavsson et al., 2011) were added for the final demand grid. trates home-made concentrates comprised of local feed resources decrease feed cost of production, by adding value to the own production . High-Value Agricultural Products and Poverty Reduction: Smallholder Farmer Access to Maize Markets. It also calls for enhanced spatial analysis: mapping global maize production allows overlays with other variables and thereby a better understanding and mapping of environmental implications and dynamics. (2011). Some of the considerations in terms of a potential spatial research agenda are explored further in other papers (e.g. In: Serna-Saldivar, S.O. 1). Wet milling of maize allows the separation into relatively pure component classes (e.g. In the 2000s, dry-grind ethanol processing fuelled the bioethanol industry in the USA, now accounting for some 40% of the maize production in the USA (Kumar & Singh, 2019; Martinez & Fernandez, 2019; Ranum et al., 2014). To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Human Ecology, 41, 683705. Nature Food, 2, 104109. (2020). The impact of using genetically modified (GM) corn/maize in Vietnam: Results of the first farm-level survey. At the global level, maize (dry grain) is primarily used as feed (56% of production), a fifth for non-food uses, and 13% for food (Table 3). 551591. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, Colorado. Selected cereal and urea prices (real US$/ton, TE1995-2020). INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. Maize is also processed to produce oils for cooking. 14, 12951319 (2022). CATTLE FEED (PASHU AAHAR) [3613] India possesses an enormous cattle (180 million) and buffalo (61 million) population but the annual milk production has reached only about 30 million tons. Source: FAOStat (2021). There is a need for further contextualization and operationalization at lower aggregation levels. For instance, recent work in Zambia has highlighted the co-existence of maize systems both intensifying as well as still expanding (Ngoma et al., 2021). (Ed. Numerous opportunities exist to further improve maizes contribution to the food & nutrition, environmental sustainability & resilience, and livelihoods & inclusiveness outcomes of agri-food systems, particularly in the Global South. . (2021). Finally, international trade can both alleviate and exacerbate environmental impacts, including the environmental footprint of food miles, the implicit trade of environmental goods (e.g. Of the three cereals, maize had a yield increase of nearly 2 tons over the 25-year period (up from 3.9 tons/ha, i.e., an increase of 76kg/ha/yr or a simple average of 2.0% per annum [pa]), compared to increases of 1 ton for rice and wheat (increases of 39 and 40kg/ha/yr, or simple averages of 1.1 and 1.6% pa respectively). It begins with the examination of incoming ingredients. There is immense potential in improving the processing and intake forms, including whole grain and enhanced nutritional retention (Poole et al., 2021), albeit with potential trade-offs for shelf-life (Gwirtz & Garcia-Casal, 2014). R&D investments are needed to provide viable risk management mechanisms that enable and crowd-in intensification. The global trade reflects the spatial disparity between where maize is produced and where it is used, including where it is consumed as food (Kinnunen et al., 2020; Fig. (2005) with updated climate data. FAO, Rome. Qian, J., Ito, S., Zhao, Z., Mu, Y., & Hou, L. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-019-00901-6, Fanzo, J., Haddad, L., Schneider, K. R., Bn, C., Covic, N. M., Guarin, A., Herforth, A. W., Herrero, M., Sumaila, U. R., Aburto, N. J., Amuyunzu-Nyamongo, M., Barquera, S., Battersby, J., Beal, T., Bizzotto Molina, P., Brusset, E., Cafiero, C., Campeau, C., Caron, P., Rosero Moncayo, J. As specialization and market integration increases the livestock feed pathway tends to increase in importance. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2011.574224, Hellin, J., & Erenstein, O. The World Economy, 28, 573593. A., & van Wijk, M. T. (2016). 289303. Higher levels of barley and maize used in rations GM crop technology use 19962018: Farm income and production impacts. Genetic Modifications of Corn. Corn is used as livestock feed, as human food, as biofuel, and as raw material in industry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2014.07.002, Clapp, J. Food Policy, 35, 323331. (2019). Cattle Feed Business Plan - Formulation, Production Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2019: Biotech Crops Drive Socio-Economic Development and Sustainable Environment in the New Frontier. INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.10.009. Oxford Univeristy Press. The human food pathway particularly merits public R&D support both to initiate growth and to ensure inclusiveness. Maizes role in the stability dimension of food security thereby merits continued yet increased support (Grote et al., 2021). Food Security, 12, 83103. Maize thereby also plays a diverging role in the access dimension of food security be it direct physical access to maize in the food pathway and an indirect access to food in general through improved income/purchasing power in the feed pathway. For one, the focus is on rainfed maize, and irrigation provides new opportunities to alleviate water stress and achieve substantial yields (e.g. Seed from oleaginous crops: soy, flax, and sunflower . Food Security, 11, 389404. The Americas stand out as the main aggregate user, with 45% of global maize use, followed by 37% in Asia, 10% in Europe and 9% in Africa (Table 4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045151, Wu, F., & Guclu, H. (2013). Maize is a versatile multipurpose crop. (2019). Together, the three big global staple cereals wheat, rice, maize comprise a major component of the human diet, accounting for an estimated 42 percent of the worlds food calories and 37 percent of protein intake (average 201618, FAOStat, 2021). On aggregate L/LM-ICs are net importers and UM/H-ICs net exporters (Table 6). https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12064, Wu, F., Stacy, S. L., & Kensler, T. W. (2013). Part of Springer Nature. World Development, 142, 105455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105455, Loy, D. D., & Lundy, E. L. (2019). Global Food Security, 14, 18. PDF Quality protein maize for the feed industry in Kenya er, an increase in supply of wet maize gluten feed (WCGF) is also expected. More than just corn and calories: A comprehensive assessment of the yield and nutritional content of a traditional Lacandon Maya milpa. The Dragon and the Elephant: Agricultural and Rural Reforms in China and India. The livestock sector plays a vital role in the economies of many developing nations. Food Reviews International, 35, 609639. The global population is set to increase by 2 billion from 7.7 billion currently to a projected 9.7 billion by 2050 (8.910.7 billion depending on assumed fertility rates; UN-DESA, 2019). Narrowing maize yield gaps across smallholder farming systems in Zambia: what interventions, where, and for whom? Overall, maize with its multi-product and multi-market channels has significant development potential (Keleman & Hellin, 2009; Keleman et al., 2013). https://repository.cimmyt.org/handle/10883/19204, Prasanna, B. M., Palacios-Rojas, N., Hossain, F., Muthusamy, V., Menkir, A., Dhliwayo, T., Ndhlela, T., San Vicente, F., Nair, S. K., Vivek, B. S., Zhang, X., Olsen, M., & Fan, X. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00094-7, Prasanna, B. M., Cairns, J. E., Zaidi, P. H., Beyene, Y., Makumbi, D., Gowda, M., Magorokosho, C., Zaman-Allah, M., Olsen, M., Das, A., Worku, M., Gethi, J., Vivek, B. S., Nair, S. K., Rashid, Z., Vinayan, M. T., Issa, A. Maizes profitability can thereby fuel area expansion in non-traditional maize growing areas, even in land scarce settings (e.g. Step 2: Conditioning. At the same time such increased international/import prices increases incentives for and competitiveness of domestic maize production to substitute for imports (Tokarick, 2005). At face value bioethanol production may appear as a non-food/feed use of maize with implications more focused on the Global North and the USA in particularbut it generates valuable animal feed with high nutritional value as by-product, and potentially displaces maize that otherwise might have been exported. This paper reports on a study of the linkage betwe en maize, feed production, . AACC International Press, Oxford, pp. B., San Vicente, F., Dhliwayo, T., & Zhang, X. Maize produced or stored under adverse conditions can be contaminated with toxic mycotoxins from fungi (e.g. The diverse industrial uses of maize (wet-milling, dry-milling, distilling) also generate by-products that provide important additional feed resources and nutrients for the livestock industries (Loy & Lundy, 2019). This has led to significant interest in the potential of dual-purpose maize for both food and feed (Blmmel et al., 2013). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000949, Byerlee, D. (2020). University of California, Davis. (2020). Science, 372, 10451047. This compares to 189M t traded for wheat, the most widely traded crop but representing 25% given production of 757M t (see Table 1; FAOStat, 2021). Agri-food system concerns have also been growing in the context of climate change with increasing weather shocks (e.g., heat, droughts, excessive water) and biotic shocks (diseases and pests). Unravelling the variability and causes of smallholder maize yield gaps in Ethiopia. On the other end of the farm size spectrum are large commercial mechanized maize producers, for example, in the USA and Brazil. Constructing Livelihoods in Rural Mexico: Milpa in Mayan Culture. The manufacturing process is simple. http://www.fao.org/docrep/w2698e/w2698e00.htm, FAO, Ifad, UNICEF, WFP, WHO,. Modeling the effect of a heat wave on maize production in the USA and its implications on food security in the developing world. Finally, you can procure the raw materials from the local wholesale market. AACC International Press, Oxford, pp. Indeed, R&D investments can enable agricultural growth, enhance livelihoods and make domestic production more competitive vis--vis imports, but still require scarce resources that may compete with the interests of the urban consumers and policy makers and over time have been variously undermined by global commodity market developments. 83130. These could increase global food prices but also incentivize maize area expansion and aggravate negative environmental impacts like further deforestation (Ranum et al., 2014; Wallington et al., 2012; Wu & Guclu, 2013).
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