Apps, Infographic: Insider Threats Exceed Malicious Intentions, Infographic: Why Privileged Account Security Must be a Top Priority, BestPracticesforPrivilegedAccessManagement, MitigateRiskWithJust-in-TimeandLeastPrivilege, RemoveLocalAdminRightsonWorkstations, SecureDevOpsPipelinesandCloudNativeApps, SecureThird-PartyVendorandRemoteAccess. Malicious insider also known as a Turncloak, someone who maliciously and intentionally abuses legitimate credentials, typically to steal information for financial or personal incentives. (2015). We propose the Multiple Approach Pathway to Insider Threat (MAP-IT) framework that builds on the basic distinction between intentional and unintentional behavior, by considering clusters of personality traits that might motivate the commission or avoidance of InT behaviors (Greitzer & Purl, 2022; Moody et al., 2018). On attempting to evaluate claims of damage to national security, see Gioe and Hatfield (2020). https://fas.org/irp/agency/dod/dsb/predicting.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.038, https://enterprise.verizon.com/resources/reports/2020-data-breach-investigations-report.pdf, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ex-nsa-contractor-reality-winner-sentenced-to-63-months-for-leak-1535040176, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/06/estonia-russia-deniss-metsavas-spy/592417/, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00067-2, https://thehawaiiindependent.com/story/oahu-defense-contractor-sentenced-on-espionage-charges. In this article, we use the term to mean the cyberrisk posed to an organization due to the behavior of its employees, rather than other kinds of insider threat, such as harassment, workplace violence, or misconduct. Ensure sensitive data is accessible to those that need it - and untouchable to everyone else. Accordingly, Winner was described as unhappy and dissatisfied with her job, prompting her unsuccessful application for more fulfilling fieldwork abroad. In two recent studies examining the relationship between personality and cybersecurity behaviors, individuals low in conscientiousness (Schoenherr & Thomson, 2021) and emotional stability (Schoenherr, 2022a) were more likely to report engaging in poor cybersecurity practices that could lead to InT. Implications for Detection Methods. Post-combat invincibility: Violent combat experiences are associated with increased risk-taking propensity following deployment. While this method can be helpful, we find that it usually falls short, for four reasons: Beyond these issues, some organizations take this type of monitoring to an extreme, deploying military-grade software and conducting full-blown intelligence operations against their employees. It also documents instances where Snowden misused his network administrator privileges to alter a performance evaluation for his own benefit and illicitly accessed answers to questions prior to an examination. When employees believe that the (often implicit) social contract of a workplace is violated by their employer, they can retaliate against an organization, including engaging in acts of sabotage and other CWBs (Ambrose et al., 2002; Hanley et al., 2009). For instance, studies of soldiers involved in non-combatant kills have found that they were more verbally and physically aggressive toward other members of their group (Killgore et al., 2008) whereas studies of the workplace demonstrate that perceived social contract violation result in more CWBs (Penney & Spector, 2005; Sakurai & Jex, 2012). U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Privacy Impact Assessment Update for the Insider Threat Program (DHS/ALL/PIA-052(b)), 2. Van Schaik, P., Jeske, D., Onibokun, J., Coventry, L., Jansen, J., & Kusev, P. (2017). A systematic comparison of three sadism measures and their ability to explain workplace mistreatment over and above the dark triad. In 1999, a far-fetched movie about a dystopia run by intelligent machines captured our imaginations (and to this day, remains my favorite film). Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism. position of the US Department of Defense or any government. Greitzer, F. L., & Purl, J. Dealing with dissonance: A review of cognitive dissonance reduction. (2009). Multi-level analysis of InT Behavior. Job stress, incivility, and counterproductive work behavior (CWB): The moderating role of negative affectivity. The ultimate goal of Identity Security is to provide secure access to every identity for any resource or environment, from any location, using any device. Organizations tend to fall into two categories: those that have been breached and those that dont yet realize theyve been breached. Negligence and co-opting accounted for 44 percent of insider-related breaches, making these issues all the more important. An implicit, necessary assumption is that group members are trusted with financial, human, material, and informational resources, even if trust is relative to a domain or activity, e.g., access control security policies, varied levels of security clearance. Who is Reality Winner, NSA contractor accused in top secret leak? In recent years, several major cyberattacks targeted critical infrastructure in Australia, including a major telecommunication company, which suffered a devastating data breach in September 2022. Twitters recent decision to turn off SMS two-factor authentication (2FA) for non-Twitter Blue users created a stir. In other words, InT programmes should study and improve organizational culture and employee competencies, as this has considerable potential to reduce a variety of InT behaviors. These ethical hackers harness . To be sure, an insider must be perceived as a member of a group. 1 Van Zadelhoff, Marc. Using methods and research contributions from the behavioral and social sciences, we note the utility of considering InT behavior in terms of normal social cognitive processes. Responding to threats only after they have occurred can be very costly and disruptive. The following year, another Army soldier, then-Private Bradley Manning, encouraged by activist Julian Assange, used his (subsequently her[1]) position of access as an intelligence specialist to leak hundreds of thousands of classified government documents to Wikileaks. Imagine that a pharmaceutical company wants to protect the intellectual property created in new drug development. As we explore below, prominent Insider Threat (InT) cases in the U.S., such as that of Chelsea Manning and Edward Snowden, raise issues concerning the influence of personality traits and values, social and cognitive processes, and organizational structure and climate (Cole, 2015; Fidler & Ganguly, 2015; Hu et al., 2011; Scheuerman, 2014; Verble, 2014). Motivational Taxonomic Approaches. They nevertheless must be proactive in developing specific internal mechanisms that facilitate addressing and resolving problems associated with incivility, CWB, and employee concerns that can lead to InT behaviors. Reviewing 13 cases of fraud, Schuchter and Levi (2016) extended the Fraud Triangle by suggesting that the impulse to engage in fraud when an opportunity was identified was initially inhibited. First, we assume that unintentional InT behaviors will likely be the most common and define the default path for most cases of InT. The list of factors is not exhaustive and is meant to be interpreted probabilistically rather than deterministically. When an individual becomes aware of discrepancies between attitudes and behaviors (A1/B1, A2/B2), any perceived differences (B2 A1) produce a negative affective response (cognitive dissonance) due to an inconsistency in maintaining a coherent self-image. Cialdini, R., Kallgren, C. A., & Reno, R. R. (1991). Moreover, crimes such as misappropriation and corruption tend to be associated with middle-class individuals (Weisburd et al., 1991). In the case of ambivalent InTs, their mixed motivation means that they can be influenced by factors associated with both the unintentional and intentional pathways. However, this inhibition decreased over time until the perpetrator engaged in fraud. Most organizations focus their attention on malicious insiders, using activity-monitoring software and small investigative teams. Understanding InT requires data. As standards on individual and corporate privacy rights evolve (for example, through the European Unions General Data Protection Regulation), organizations need to design their insider-threat programs based on what will work within their own cultural and regulatory environments. The Snowden incident also illustrates the difficulties associated with using information obtained from case studies alone, especially when researching an intelligence dimension. Haunted by the past: Effects of poor change management history on employee attitudes and turnover. The dark side of the insider: Detecting the insider threat through examination of dark triad personality traits. Evaluate, purchase and renew CyberArk Identity Security solutions. In contrast to previous InT frameworks (e.g., Shaw et al., 1998; Shaw & Sellers, 2015; Shaw & Stock, 2011), MAP-IT attempts to differentiate multiple motivational pathways (e.g., self perception, self presentation; Petty & Briol, 2011; Todorov et al., 2002) to better understand and ultimately mitigate InTs. As a result, employees might inadvertently store sensitive information in cloud storage services that havent been properly protected via security best practices like privileged access management/control and multi-factor authentication. The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance. Unlike previous definitions, this definition suggests that InT behavior is not limited to the unlawful disclosure of information by employees with a security clearance. Ideally, as whistleblowers are motivated to reduce harm or promote public good with any personal gain or public fame (or defamation) being incidental, they will adhere to the available mechanisms of a society to address their concerns (e.g., ombudsman, integrity commissioners, legal system). Tucker Bailey is a partner in McKinseys Washington, DC, office, where Brian Kolo is a digital expert and David Ware is an associate partner; Karthik Rajagopalan is a consultant in the Dallas office. CISO July 16, 2020 By Jeremy Goldstein 5 min read Series: Cybersecurity 101 What is an insider threat? Given the general tendency for individuals to rationalize moderately questionable behavior (e.g., Mazar et al., 2008; see Figure 3), this will further increase the prevalence of these behaviors (for related findings in computer security, see Posey, Bennett, & Roberts, 2011). In todays cyber threat landscape, there isnt enough cybersecurity talent to go around, and the basic laws of supply and demand make skilled professionals expensive and out of reach for many smaller organizations. What Is an Insider Threat? Definition, Examples, and Mitigations Harmon-Jones, E. E. (2000). These observations demonstrate that prevalence of InT is less important than understanding insiders motivations as this reflects the ultimate cause of InT behavior.
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